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Coordinates: 42°22′27.57″N 71°06′56.91″W 42.374325, -71.1158083

Harvard University

Location & Contact Information
- Address, Directions, & Map:
  - Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Telephone Numbers:
- Official Website: [1]

History & Memorable Moments

Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North America's first known printing press. [23][24] At 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who'd left the school #779 and his scholar's library of some 400 volumes. [25] The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.

A 1643 publication gave the school's purpose as "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust";[26] in its early years trained many Puritan ministers. [27] It provided a traditional curriculum on the English university version‍‍--‌‌many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge‍--‌but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any particular denomination, but many of its oldest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches. [28]

The top Boston divine Growth Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who wasn't also a clergyman, marking a turning of their faculty from Puritanism and toward intellectual independence.

Through the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas of the power of reason and free will became widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties. [29]:1--4 When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard expired a year later, in 1804, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the chair in 1805, and also the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency of Harvard two years afterwards, which signaled the changing of the wave from the dominance of classic notions at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian notions (defined by traditionalists as Unitarian notions).

Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans' "engagement in the Divine Nature" and the possibility of understanding "intellectual existences". Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the "divine plan" in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype because of his evidence. This dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of Common Sense Realism derived from Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose functions were part of the Harvard curriculum at the moment. The library records at Harvard show the writings of Plato and his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as frequently read throughout the 19th century since those of the "official philosophy" of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school. [31]

Charles W. Eliot, president 1869--1909, eliminated the preferred place of Christianity in the curriculum whilst opening it to pupil self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher schooling, he was motivated not by a urge to secularize schooling, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these convictions were centered on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of every individual to perceive reality, and the indwelling God in every individual.

During the 20th century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and dominant academics expanded the university's scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new grad schools were started and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became among the most prominent schools for women in america. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. [11]

At the first 20th century, the student body was predominately "old-stock, high-status Protestants, particularly Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians"--a group later called "WASPs" (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants). From the 1970s it was far more diversified. [34]

James Bryant Conant (president, 1933--1953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement to get the affluent, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary and the college level. The consequent Report, published in 1945, was among the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century. [35]

In 1945--1960 admissions policies were opened to bring in students from a diverse applicant pool. No longer drawing mainly from wealthy alumni of select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college was now open to striving middle class pupils from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics or Asians. [36]

Harvard graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers from the late 19th century, and during World War II, students in Radcliffe College (that since 1879 had been paying Harvard academics to repeat their assignments for women students) started attending Harvard classes alongside men,[37] The first class of women was admitted to Harvard Medical School in 1945. [38] Since the 1970s Harvard has been responsible for essentially all aspects of admission, education, and undergraduate life for girls, and Radcliffe was officially merged into Harvard in 1999. Drew Gilpin Faust, the Dean at Radcliffe, became the first female president of Harvard in 2007.

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References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Coord|42.376253|71.116433|display=title}}
+{{Coord|42|22|27.57|N|71|06|56.91|W|display=title}}
 == Harvard University ==
 * '''Location & Contact Information'''
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ** Telephone Numbers:
 ** Official Website: [http://www.harvard.edu/]
-* '''History & Memorable Moments'''
+== History & Memorable Moments ==
+*Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North America's first known printing press. [23][24] At 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who'd left the school #779 and his scholar's library of some 400 volumes. [25] The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.
-In the 17th century, Harvard University established the Indian College in order to educate Native Americans, but it was not a success and disappeared by 1693. <ref name=wikipedia>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University] Wikipedia.ORG. Accessed January 2008.</ref>
+*A 1643 publication gave the school's purpose as "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust";[26] in its early years trained many Puritan ministers. [27] It provided a traditional curriculum on the English university version‍‍--‌‌many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge‍--‌but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any particular denomination, but many of its oldest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches. [28]
-Between 1800 and 1870 Harvard became "privatized". While the Federalists controlled state government, Harvard had prospered, but the 1824 defeat of the federalist party in Massachusetts allowed the renascent Democratic-Republicans to block state funding of private universities. By 1870, the politicians and ministers that heretofore had made up the university's board of overseers had been replaced by Harvard alumni drawn from Boston's upper-class business and professional community and funded by private endowment. <ref name="wikipedia"/>
+*The top Boston divine Growth Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who wasn't also a clergyman, marking a turning of their faculty from Puritanism and toward intellectual independence.
-During this period, Harvard experienced unparalleled growth that securely placed it financially in a league of its own among American colleges. Ronald Story notes that in 1850, Harvard's total assets were "five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and three times that of Yale.... By 1850, it was a genuine university, 'unequalled in facilities,' as a budding scholar put it, by any other institution in America — the 'greatest university,' said another, 'in all creation'". Story also notes that "all the evidence... points to the four decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams's words, began 'sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages'". Harvard was also an early leader in admitting ethnic and religious minorities. Stephen Steinberg, author of The Ethnic Myth, noted that "a climate of intolerance prevailed in many Eastern colleges long before discriminatory quotas were contemplated" and noted that "Jews tended to avoid such campuses as Yale and Princeton, which had reputations for bigotry.... [while] under President Eliot's administration, Harvard earned a reputation as the most liberal and democratic of the Big Three, and therefore Jews did not feel that the avenue to a prestigious college was altogether closed". In 1870, one year into Eliot's term, Richard Theodore Greener became the first African-American to graduate from Harvard College. Seven years later, Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish justice on the Supreme Court, graduated from Harvard Law School. <ref name="wikipedia"/>
+*Through the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas of the power of reason and free will became widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties. [29]:1--4 When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard expired a year later, in 1804, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the chair in 1805, and also the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency of Harvard two years afterwards, which signaled the changing of the wave from the dominance of classic notions at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian notions (defined by traditionalists as Unitarian notions).
-Nevertheless, Harvard became the bastion of a distinctly Protestant elite — the so-called Boston Brahmin class — and continued to be so well into the 20th century. The social milieu of 1880s Harvard is depicted in Owen Wister's Philosophy 4, which contrasts the character and demeanor of two undergraduates who "had colonial names (Rogers, I think, and Schuyler)" with that of their tutor, one Oscar Maironi, whose "parents had come over in the steerage." <ref name="wikipedia"/>
+*Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans' "engagement in the Divine Nature" and the possibility of understanding "intellectual existences". Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the "divine plan" in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype because of his evidence. This dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of Common Sense Realism derived from Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose functions were part of the Harvard curriculum at the moment. The library records at Harvard show the writings of Plato and his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as frequently read throughout the 19th century since those of the "official philosophy" of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school. [31]
-Though Harvard ended required chapel in the mid-1880s, the school remained culturally Protestant, and fears of dilution grew as enrollment of immigrants, Catholics and Jews surged at the turn of the twentieth century. By 1908, Catholics made up nine percent of the freshman class, and between 1906 and 1922, Jewish enrollment at Harvard increased from six to twenty percent. In June 1922, under President Lowell, Harvard announced a Jewish quota. Other universities had done this surreptitiously. Lowell did it in a forthright way, and positioned it as means of combatting anti-Semitism, writing that "anti-Semitic feeling among the students is increasing, and it grows in proportion to the increase in the number of Jews.... when... the number of Jews was small, the race antagonism was small also." The social milieu of 1940s Harvard is presented in Myron Kaufman's 1957 novel, Remember Me to God, which follows the life of a Jewish undergraduate as he attempts to navigate the shoals of casual anti-Semitism, be recognized as a "gentleman," and be accepted into "The Pudding." Indeed, Harvard's discriminatory policies, both tacit and explicit, were partly responsible for the founding of Boston College in 1863[citation needed] and Brandeis University in nearby Waltham in 1948. <ref name="wikipedia"/>
+*Charles W. Eliot, president 1869--1909, eliminated the preferred place of Christianity in the curriculum whilst opening it to pupil self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher schooling, he was motivated not by a urge to secularize schooling, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these convictions were centered on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of every individual to perceive reality, and the indwelling God in every individual.
-Policies of exclusion were not limited to religious minorities. In 1920, "Harvard University maliciously persecuted and harassed" those it believed to be gay via a "Secret Court" led by Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell. Summoned at the behest of a wealthy alumnus, the inquisitions and expulsions carried out by this tribunal, in conjunction with the "vindictive tenacity of the university in ensuring that the stigmatization of the expelled students would persist throughout their productive lives" led to two suicides. Harvard President Lawrence Summers characterized the 1920 episode as "part of a past that we have rightly left behind", and "abhorrent and an affront to the values of our university". Yet as late as the 1950s, Wilbur Bender, then the dean of admissions for Harvard College, was seeking better ways to "detect homosexual tendencies and serious psychiatric problems” in prospective students. <ref name="wikipedia"/>
+*During the 20th century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and dominant academics expanded the university's scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new grad schools were started and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became among the most prominent schools for women in america. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. [11]
-During the twentieth century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Explosive growth in the student population continued with the addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of the undergraduate program. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. <ref name="wikipedia"/>
+*At the first 20th century, the student body was predominately "old-stock, high-status Protestants, particularly Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians"--a group later called "WASPs" (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants). From the 1970s it was far more diversified. [34]
-In the decades immediately after the Second World War, Harvard reformed its admissions policies as it sought students from a more diverse applicant pool. Whereas Harvard undergraduates had almost exclusively been white, upper-class alumni of select New England "feeder schools" such as Exeter and Andover, increasing numbers of international, minority, and working-class students had, by the late 1960s, altered the ethnic and socio-economic makeup of the college. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe[20]. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-war period. <ref name="wikipedia"/>
+*James Bryant Conant (president, 1933--1953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement to get the affluent, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary and the college level. The consequent Report, published in 1945, was among the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century. [35]
-Today, Harvard is considered one of a handful of the world's premier centers of higher learning. Despite occasionally weathering periods of reactionary sentiment over its long history, Harvard and its affiliates, in line with most American universities, are politically generally liberal (center-left); Richard Nixon, for example, famously attacked it around 1970 as the "Kremlin on the Charles". In 2004, the Harvard Crimson found that Harvard undergraduates favored Kerry over Bush by 73% to 19%, consistent with Kerry's margin in major eastern cities such as Boston and New York City. While Harvard has sometimes been criticized as elitist and "hostile to progressive intellectuals" (Trumpbour), there have been both prominent conservatives and liberals who have attended the school. Republican President George W. Bush graduated from Harvard Business School and Democratic President John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Al Gore graduated from Harvard College. Today, there are both prominent conservative and prominent liberal voices among the faculty of the various schools, such as Martin Feldstein, Harvey Mansfield, Greg Mankiw, and Alan Dershowitz. Marxists like Michael Walzer and Stephen Thernstrom and libertarians such as Robert Nozick have in the past graced its faculty, but from within its gates the university prides itself on its fierce and unbending loyalty to the tradition of academic freedom and open and free speech that it has guarded on behalf of American education for nearly four centuries. <ref name="wikipedia"/>
+*In 1945--1960 admissions policies were opened to bring in students from a diverse applicant pool. No longer drawing mainly from wealthy alumni of select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college was now open to striving middle class pupils from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics or Asians. [36]
-* '''Overview, Photographs, & Video Links'''
+*Harvard graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers from the late 19th century, and during World War II, students in Radcliffe College (that since 1879 had been paying Harvard academics to repeat their assignments for women students) started attending Harvard classes alongside men,[37] The first class of women was admitted to Harvard Medical School in 1945. [38] Since the 1970s Harvard has been responsible for essentially all aspects of admission, education, and undergraduate life for girls, and Radcliffe was officially merged into Harvard in 1999. Drew Gilpin Faust, the Dean at Radcliffe, became the first female president of Harvard in 2007.
-== Prospective Students ==
-* '''Admissions Tips'''
-== New & Current Students ==
-* '''Campus Events'''
-* '''Transportation'''
-* '''Safety Tips'''
-* '''Support Centers'''
-** Counseling
-* '''Grading System'''
-* '''Good Classes & Teachers'''
-* '''Groups & Organizations'''
-* '''College & Career Tips'''
 == Alumni ==
@@ Line 61: / Line 49: @@
 * '''Alumni Events'''
-== Visitors ==
-* '''Hotels Nearby'''
-* '''Restaurant Recommendations'''
-* '''Places of Worship'''
-* '''Sports Facility Access'''
 == Other Links ==
@@ Line 72: / Line 55: @@
 == References ==
 <references />
+[[Category:North_America/United_States_of_America/Massachusetts/Cambridge/]]

North America/United States of America/Massachusetts/Cambridge/Harvard University/

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